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Writing Essays
Writing Essays
Stethoscope
Medical science is inventing a new technology everyday. Medical science has invented the new system of measuring the heart beat also. A stethoscope is the device which measures the heartbeat. Stethoscope is one of the most important devices in medical science. It was invented by a French scientist Rene Laennec in 1816. Before the invention of stethoscope, doctors used to know the heart beat by putting their ears on the patient's chest.
Business Schools In India
Business Schools In India
Winner Vs Loser
There are 12 results given below:
1. Winner is always a part of a solution = Loser is always a part of a problem
2. Winner has a program = Loser has an excuse
3. Winner says, “Let me do it for you” = Loser says, “That’s not my job”
4. Winner says, “It may be difficult but it is possible” = Loser says, “It may be possible but it is
5. Winner has a dream = Loser has schemes
6. Winners are a part of the team = Losers are a part of a team
7. Winners see the gain = Loser sees the pain
8. Winners believe on work = Losers believe on fate
9. Winners see the possibilities = Losers see problems
10. Winner is an optimist = Loser is a pessimist
11. Winner makes it happen = Loser lets it happen
12. Winner is proactive in nature = Loser is reactive in nature
Multinational Company: concept, meaning, types, etc
MEANING OF MULTINATION COMPANY
An organization doing business in two or core countries is known as Multinational Company. Multinational Companies (MNCs) or Corporations are those enterprises whose manaagerment, ownership and control are spread in more than one country. They are large industrial organizations that maintain headquarters in the country but performs production, marketing, finance, and personnel functions in several countries. They view their scope of operation as global in nature. So they are also called 'supernational company' or 'transnational corporation'.
United Nations have defined multinational companies as those enterprises which own or control production or service facilities outside the country in which they are based.
According to Brook and Remmers: "A multinational company is any firm which performs its main operations either manufacture or the provision of service, in at least two countries".
Multinational companies set production units in several countries either under the direct ownership and control of the original company or by incorporating seperate companies in different countries. They are also called 'supernational company' or 'transnational corporation'. Their objective is to operate in a specialized field covering larage number of products to be sold in various countries. The multinationals do not consider the world market as foreign market because they have local establishments of production, selling and services in the foreing country.
There are many multinational companies in the world. United Nations recognized 650 companies or corporations as multinational companies whose selling were more than 300 million US dollars. The main reasons for their development are:
(1) Organizations' infinite life and legal recognition as a separate entity.
(2) Improved systems of communication and transportation.
(3) Concentration of capital funds in advanced countries.
(4) Rapid growth of markets in many countries, together with the maturing of markets in the home country.
(5) The creation of regional markets through free trade agreements.
Some of the well-known and popular multinational companies are as follows:
1. General Motor Corporation of USA
2. Ford Motor Corporation of USA
3. IBM Corporation of USA
4. Mercedes Benz Company of Germany
5. Sony Company of Japan
6. Hitachi Company of Japan
7. Nestle Company of Switzerland
8. Coca Cola Corporation of USA
9. Pepsi Cola Corporation of USA
10. Honda Company of Japan
In conclusion, we can say a company or corporate form of organization which has its head office in one country but has its business operations in a number of other countries is known as 'Multinational Company'. Specifically, multinational companies should consist of following elements:
(1) The company should be operating in many countries.
(2) In the host country research and production work should be conducted in order to increase the gross
domestic product of the country.
(3) Ownership must be multinational.
(4) Management must be in the hands of parents company.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANY
The following are the main characteristics of multinational companies:
1. Productive Organization: It is a productive organization. Multinational Company produces various types of goods and services not only in their own country but also in many other countries. It uses its own technology, trademark and patent right for manufacturing goods.
2. World-wide Operation: The world-wide operation is the next characteristics of multinationl company. The company extends its business worldwide through establishing branches or affiliating companies in various countries. Hence, its operation extends in more than one country.
3. Ownership and Control: The ownership of multinational company remains both in parent and host country according to the investment. However, the parent company controls the management and its operation of the branches or affiliated companies. It controls through capital investment, high technology, trademark and patent right, etc.
4. Transfer of Technology: Multinational companies are established with a huge capital and advanced technology. These companies transfer the advanced technology in developing countries by establishing branches or affiliations. Its production system is based on mass production and the cost of production will not be higher. Transfer of the advanced technology can benefit developing countries.
5. Marketing Superiority: Multinational company is a large organization with international name and fame. It has a good net work of distribution system and sells their products without any difficulties.
6. Higher Efficiency: Multinational company is operated with higher efficiency due to advanced technology. It has greater capability for research and development work. It utilized trained personnel and mass production system. Hence, it produces quality products with munimum cost of production.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANY
Multinational Company has been helpful in transferring foreign investment and advanced technology from one country to another. The liberal trade and investment policies have facilitated multinational to invest in developing countries. The economic growth of the host country is feasible by the investment. The chief advantages of multinational company are as follows:
1. Industrialization: The economic development of country depends upon the industrialization of a country. The developing countries have low level of saving and investment. Hence, multinationals bring capital and technology to the developing countries and establish industries. They help in the industrialization process of a country. They tap the untapped natural resources.
2. Quality and Mass Production: Multinational company is established with huge capital. It utilized mass production system through advanced technology. It is operated in international standard. Hence, it obtains trained and qualified manpower and utilized advanced technology by which qualitative products can be produced efficiently.
3. Lower Cost of Production: The lower cost of production is an important consequence of the mass production and marketing through multinational companies. The lower cost of production lhas benefited the developing countries.
4. Employment Opportunities: Multinational company provides employment opportunities to the people of host countries in their production and marketing activities. Production enhances the purchasing capacities of the people and increases their standard of living. People are satisfied with new products of international standard. Employment in other countries is also increased by way of expanded markets in foreign countries.
5. Increase in Government Revenue: The multinational companies produce and sell products in large scale. Consequently, they earn more profits and pay excise duty, income tax, sales tax, etc. Which increases the revenue of the government.
6. Increase in Export: Export of host country rises as per the multinational activities. It produces goods and services on the international standard. They are not produced only for local market but also are exported to other countries. So, it increases the export capacity.
7. Other Benefits: The multinationals help private companies enter in the international markets by way of providing international market expertise, foreing exchange and financial arrangements. The domestic businessman and entrepreneurs get an opportunity to learn some new business skills from them. The high degree of marketability, competitive spirits, and fast action contribute maximum to profitability. The domestic shareholders are also benefited by the higher rate of divided. The capital market of the host country is also improved by such activities and people at large are benefited.
Multinationals can damage the host country in various ways such as outflow of foreign exchange, economic exploitation, negative effects on local industries, social evils, etc. The main disadvantages are explained below:
1. Outflow of Foreign Exchange: In many cases multinational companies use the local capital for their industrial development. They do not bring much capital from their countries. They earn huge amount of dividend. This requires sending dividend with royalities, managerial and technical fees, etc. in the form of foreign exchange. By this foreign exchange reserve is decreased in the country. A shortage of foreign exchange is greater problem to the developing countries.
2. Negative Effects on Local Industries: Multinational companies have increased world competition. They enjoy international market, capital, technology and expertise. The competition from multinationals affects the local industries negatively. They can defeat any industries in the host country. Thus, they adversely affect the local industries and trade.
3. Economic Exploitation: Multinational companies are mainly interested in making profits. Labor, raw materials and scarce foreing exchanges are used for their self-benefits. Labor being cheap in developing countries are exploited to the maximum producers of raw materials do not get adequate return. Thus, the cost of production is lower and charges higher prices on its product. Hence, multinationals earn maximum profits by unfair exploitation of the resources.
4. Exploitation of Consumers: Multinational companies are monopolistic in nature and exploit the markes for their benefits. They use strong marketing and promotional techniques, product differentiation and other techniques to capture the market. They are in a position to increase prices and exploit the market. The consumers are suppressed with the higher prices. They exploit consumers at every front for their benefit.
5. Inequality in Employment: Employment is not increased in host country as per anticipation. It provides only minimum employment to local people in practice. Usually, multinationals appoint top level personnel from their own country and local employment at the lower level only. Hence, multinationals create inequality in employment.
6. Social Evil: Multinational companies produce goods mainly for rich markets for maximizing profits. The consumption patterns in developing countries are upset by luxurious production of multinationals. The gap between poor and rich increases, the latter purchases the product of multinationals, whereas the poor have no capacity to purchase them. The society experiences dissatisfaction and distortion. With heavy advertising expenditures, they publish antisocial and vulgar advertisements for sales promotion for earning profits.
NEED FOR MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
Many developing countries invite foreign investors to their countries for economic development. They have increased their per capita income as a result of foreign investment. Production is increased by investment. For import substitutions and export oriented industries multinational companies are necessary. Multinationals have contributed significantly in the technological development of a country. Hence, at present its popularity is increasing. The country needs multinationals for the following reasons:
1. Economic Development: The developing countries like Nepal need multinational companies for the economic development of a country. Usually developing countries have low level of saving and investment. The shortage of capital has been compensated to a greater extent by the multinationals because they bring necessary capital and advanced technology. The production of a country is increased, which gives opportunity to save and reinvest in the country. Hence, the economic development of a country is accelerated by the funds brought by the multinational companies.
2. Extended Market: Multinational companies enjoy international market, huge capital, advanced technology and expertise. With the help of mass production, trade can be extended to many neighboring countries. This increases the export capacity of the country. Hence, it provides an opportunity to rectify the unfavourable balance of trade.
3. Utilization of Resources: Multinational companies exploit the untapped natural resources of the country. In developing countries necessary raw materials are availabel suffiiciently. They utilize such unutilized resources. The multinationals help use of surplus resources also, which would have been unutilized in absence of them.
4. Employment Opportunity: By establishment of multinational companies, people can get employment directly in them. With the increase in production and distribution of goods indirect employment opportunities also increases. Hence, they increase the employment opportunities in the host country.
5. Increase in Standard of Living: Multinational companies utilize mass production system to increase production. It increases productivity, wages, and production of high quality products with low cost of production. Hence, they increase production and purchasing power of the people and increase the standard of living.
6. Minimization of Transportation Cost: The transportation cost is higher when the far developed countries export their products. Hence, to minimize the transportation cost, bigger companies of developed countries establish multinational companies in host countries.
Host countries as well as investing countries are benefied by the activities of multinationals. They provide significant opportunities for international marketing. They enlarge international markets without the problems of tariff and non-tariff barriers.
GROWTH OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN NEPAL
Multinational Company is a new type of business organization and it has set up in recent times. They have contributed significantly in the economic development of the country. Today, no country can afford to live without multinationals.
The history of origin and development of multinational companies in Nepal is not very old. In Nepal, history of industrial development began with Indian Joint Venture. In fact, Indian industrialist with joint venture promoted and developed industries in Nepal. For example, Biratnagar Jute Mills (B.S. 1993), Birgunj Cotton Mills (B.S. 1993), Morang Cotton Mills (B.S 1999), Morang Sugar Mills (B.S. 2004), etc. The ownership of these companies remained in two national industrialists. They were established due to open border and open economic relationship. Hence, they are not considered as multinationals and multinational companies were developed very late in Nepal.
Hotel Soalee can be considered as the first multinational company of Nepal. In B.S 2026, famous Indian Oberoi group took over the management and its name became 'Hotel Soaltee Oberoi'. In B.S. 2041, 'Ever Ready Battery' of world famous Union Carbide Company and 'Coca-Cola', 'Fanta' were produced.
Specifically, the growth of multinational companies began from B.S. 2042 in Nepal. In B.S. 2042, HMG adoped Structural Adustment Program to liberalise economic policy with the cooperation of World Bank. Afer the implementation of this program the business of multinationals in Nepal have increased. At present, following companies are operation under Multinational companies in Nepal:
1. Banking Sector:
a) Nepal Arab Bank
b) Nepal Indosuez Bank
c) Nepal Grindlays Bank
d) Himalayan Bank Ltd
e) Nepal SBI Bank Ltd
f) Nepal Bangladesh Bank
g) Nepal Everest Bank
h) Bank of Kathmandu
2. Manufacturing Sector:
a) Ever Ready Battery
b) Lubricating Oil 'Gulf'
c) Wai Wai Instant Noodles
d) Asian Paints
e) Syringe Manufacturing
f) Surya Tobacco Company
g) Soap, detergent powder under Hindustan Lever Company
h) Hochest Co.
3. Soft and Hard Drinks Sector
a) Bottlers Nepal: Coca-Cola, Fanta and Sprite
b) Pepsicola Company
c) Kwality Ice-cream
d) Tuborg Beer
e) San Miguel Beer
f) Carlserg Beer
4. Electronic Sector
a) Sony Company
b) Sanyo Company
c) Samsung Company
d) Goldstar Company
e) National Panasonic
5. Hotel Sector
a) Hotel Soaltee Hoilday Inn
Life, Death And The Dying
Death be not proud, though some have called thee
-John Donne, Holy Sonnets, X
Death is not a topic which most people are fond of. In fact it is quite a gloomy, dismal subject for discussion. Even at hospitals and medical schools, doctors, nurses, and students avoid the topic of death and the dying. Death is taboo in hospitals, and even doctors feel uncomfortable with the fact of death. At big hospitals, one rarely sees a corpse. They vanish or are whisked out of sight, put in a van/ambulance and taken away.
In literature, death haas been presented from another angle. Death is in vogue as a topic of scholarly articles, books, discussions in seminars, etc. The topic of death seems very elusive and shrouded in mystery, although it is obvious that death is inevitable and all living things have to die. There are so many poets and writers, who have voiced their feelings and thoughts about death. Here are a few quotations from some of the most famous and popular poets, who have aptly described and personified death. horace in the Odes, I, 4 expressed, "Pale death, with impartial step, knocks at the poor man's cottage and the palace of Kings." The implication is that no one can escape death. In the Old Testament Genesis, III, 19, it has been expressed as the following: 'For dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return'. The lines portary how our bodies are made up of five elements of the earth, and after death, our bodies go and mix with the earth as ashes or through the decomposition of the body. In Virginia Woolf's essay, 'The death of the Moth', death is depicted as being more powerful than life. On the other hand, Is death really so powerful and victorious? In the New Testament, I, corinthians, XV, 54, death is mocked and personified, as it says, "O death, where is the sting? O grave, where is the victory?" Willam Shakespeare has expressed in Hamlet, III, I, "...Death, the undiscovered country, from whose bourn, No traveler returns". No-one has returned after death to tell about the eternal truth of life after death. In his tragic play Macbeth, Willam Shakespeare has expressed the futility of life and the temporariness of life in the lines:
"Out, out brief candle, life is but a walking shadow,
A poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more.
mi It's a tale told by an idiot, full
of sount and fury,
signifying nothing."
If we contemplate about life, we realize how futile the transient world is. Many spiritual people counsel their followers to meditate about death and not be afraid of it. Death is a transition from life to the hereafter. In the Mahabharat epic, Yudhisthir is tested by the Yaksha. The Yaksha asks him, "What is the final truth?" Yudhisthir, a righteous person, answers that death is the final truth. Only after death, one can know the truth about what happens after death. Is there something, continuity or a force which passes on from this life to another? Bothe Hindus and Buddhists believe in rebirth or reincarnation. They believe that after death one will be reborn according to one's Karma. can we change the Karma? It is said that a dying person sees different images, such as Yamraj or hairy creatures or gods and goddesses in carriages, etc. before death. If the dying person sees hairy animal-like creatures or monsters, he might be born in the animal world. If heavenly maidens come to take him, he might be born in a heavenly world (but even this might be temporary, and he will be born as a human again until he attains perfection and becomes free from the cycle of rebirth). The matter gets deeper and deeper. Then why do people fear death? Why is it so ominous of fearsome? Nobody wants to die, not even a small creature. People want to cling on to dear life. When a person finds out that he has a fatal disease like cancer, it scares the daylights out of him, and he will face the five stages of grief, i.e, Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance. The relization comes at the end that one has to die, and there's no use lamenting about it. In other words, one had better be prepared for it, and die like a happy man. Even then, most dying persons feel very depressed, morbid, and suffers from Melancholia (extreme sadness). he doesn't want to eat, talk or do anything. Life seems so hopeless, and he cannot sleep. In such a state, the dying person needs spiritual help to soothe his pain and agony. In some Buddhist societies in Myanmar or Sri Lanka, an experiencedd monk or Bhikchhu is called to recite the sutras to ease the pain of the dying person. The dying person might even tell what he perceives, before he dies and even make his last wishes before and even make his last wishes before death takes him. Hindus and Christians believe that atonement and repentance before death washes away the pardonable sins. It may not wash away all the sins, for one has to face one's Karma, but the Karma may be changed for a better life because one has realized one's mistake before death. In Buddhism, too, if prayers are recited for the dying person, and the dying person makes a last dying wish to give daan or donation to Buddhist monks/ Vihara / or poor, deprived people, his Karma will change for a better condition. This kind of preparation before death will provide solance to a dying person so that he can die peacefully. We can take the example of Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, who was given the death sentence by the Greek rulers. Socrates was prepared to die and did not fear death. His followers wept for him, but he did not want to cling on to life. He believed that God would give him justice in another life. If some are prepared for death, there are many others, who while away their life as if they do not have to die, or they may follow the motto of the Epicureans, "Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow you die." In this busy world, people are so occupied and tied down by their daily chores, they forget about death. They are unaware of death and totally unprepared for it. They are immersed in this temporary, illusory world. Here, I would like to quote a Parable of the Rich fool form the Holy Gospels accorting to St. Luke:
One of the multitude said to Jesus, 'Master, bid my brother give me a share of our inheritance.' Jesus answered, 'Why, man, who has appointed me a judge to make awards between you?' Then he said to them, 'Look well and keep yourself clear of all covetousness. A man's life does not consist in having more possessions than he needs.' And he told them a parable. There was a rich man, whose lands yielded a heavy crop, and he debated in his mind, 'What I am to do, with no room to store my crops in?' Then he said, 'This is what I will do; I will put down my barns, and build greater ones, and there I shall be able to store all my harvest and all the goods that are mine; and then I will say to my soul, Come soul, thou hast goods in plenty laid up for many years to come: take thy rest now, eat, drink and make merry.' And God said, "Thou fool, this night thou must render up thy soul; and who will be master now of all thou hast laid by?" Thus it is with the man who lays up treasure for himself, and has no credit with God.
The parable clearly explains how unprepared we are for death. We think this is the 'be-all and end-all out here'. We do not realize that time's clock is ticking and death approaches everyone every second. Another thing is the ritural surrounding before-death conditions and after-death conditions. In the Tibetan Book of the Dead, the ancient, sacred Buddhist scripture called Bardo Thotrol is recited before death, at the moment of death and after death. It concerns the nature of mind and its projections_beautiful or terrible, peaceful or wrathful_which seem to exist objectively and inhabit the external world. The projections appear immediately after death at a time when the consciousness is no longer connected with a physical body. Terrifying seductive forms and manifestations appear after death, and through recognition of these forms, the dying person attains liberation or the state of enlightenment. The Barbo Thotrol is read aloud to the dying so that he/she is emancipated from this world and reaches salvation. Bardo means a gap or the interval of suspension after we die and also the suspension in the living situation. To learn more about this one must read the book itself. In conclusion, as in the words of the Tibetan monk Milarepa, "All wordly pursuits end in sorrow". A person, who is detached from this world, will be prepared for death. In the words of Osho,"If you are ambitious you will fail". Thus, there should be no attachment or desires at the moment of death.
Tourism and Tourist
Concept and Meaning of Tourism
The word tourism is derived from the French word 'Tourisme', literally means to tour travel. Tourism is the process of temporary movement in the particular destination undertaken by the human that starts from one point and ultimately ends at the point where one started the journey from. It is a phenomenon of human character related to tour and travelling at a particular area, locality, sites, places, etc. But travelling without any reason for temporary stay is not termed as tourism. It is something about people who travel away from their familiar home environment for many reasons. In order to know the meaning of tourism, one should also know the simple ideology of 'tour'.
Tour
Tour is derived from the Latin word tournel/tournes (Greek word), which refers to circle. The oxford dictionary relates tour as 'a journey for pleasure, during which one visits several areas'. The suffix "ism and ist" refers to the movement around the circle by the people. Like a circle, tour represents a journey that is a round trip. Therefore, one who undertakes such a journey is called tourist. The word tourism came to be added in the English dictionary only after 19th century.
According to the Tourism Society of United Kingdom, "Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destination outside of the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during their stay at these destinations."
In 1942, two Swiss professors, Water Hunziker and Kurt Kraft had defined tourism a "Tourism is the sum of phenomenon and relationship arising from the travel and stay of non-resident, in so far as they do not lead to permanent resident and are not connected with any earning activities."
In 1968, International Union of Official Tourism Organization (IUOTO) and World Tourism Organization (WTO) had defined tourism and tourist as- "The tourists are temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours in the country visited and tourism is the living activities at the spotlight."
The purpose of journey can be classified in the following headings:
· Leisure
Tourists/visitors who travel to destinations with a reason to spend time to get enjoyment and entertainment, and working nothing in professional way. The activities of the movement may be planned and managed as per the likes and interest for pleasure and fun of individual desire. For example, recreation, holiday, health, study, religion, sports, education, etc.
· Business
Tourists/visitors who travel to destinations with a reason to spend time to get optional enjoyment and entertainment, and working something in professional way. For example, business meeting, convention, conference, seminar, any special mission, etc.
Mr. Valen L. Smith's definition is internationally recognized, particularly in the academic sphere. According to him, "A tourist is a temporally leisured person who voluntarily visits a place away from home for experiencing a change".
A United Nation conference held in Rome in 1963, on "International Travel and Tourism" had recommended the word visitors in two different categories:
1. Tourist
2. Excursionist
Tourist are the people who travel to destinations for a variety of reasons and spend more than twenty four hours and less than one year consecutively. Excursionist is a temporary visitor, staying less than twenty four hours in the destination visited and not staying overnight.
Tourist and Types
There is no hard and fast rule as fas as the division of tourists is concerned. Since the inception of the concept of tourism, various organizations such as airlines, hotels, travel, organizers, etc. have segregated tourists based on their purpose of visit. WTO (World Tourism Organization) has categorized tourists into following types:
Types | Activities |
Recreation Tourists | Club and casino, spa, fun, sports centre, etc |
Holiday tourists | Cultural tour, shopping, theme parks, etc. |
Leisure tourists | Places of historical importance, museums, art clubs, etc. |
Student tourists | Studies and research |
Religious tourists | Pilgrimage, religious charity activities, etc. |
Special interest group | Business, meeting, conference, convention, shopping, etc. |
Adventure Tourist | Jungle safari, mountaineering, rafting, trekking, kayaking, bungee jumping, exploration, etc. |
Meaning and Concept of Tourist
· Tourists are an important mass of people who generate economic activities.
· Tourists are one of those parts of the economy that use services such as accommodation, food and beverage, transportations and recreations.
· Tourists are those visitors who seek to get away from their home/place for a change.
· The destination visited should be purely temporary in nature and lot for the purpose of permanent residence and employment.
· Tourists may represent an important proportion of the total visitor population, but they are not the total pleasure/recreational activities alone.
· Tourists are those people who are able to receive the tourist activities/amenities and possess the capacity to pay for their targeted trip.
Since 1963, almost all world nations adopted the term visitors, tourist, traveler concerned will all the individuals making a trip between two or more geographic locations either in their country of residence or between countries.
1. The domestic tourist
2. The regional tourist
3. The international tourist
People who travel within their own regional boundaries of the same country are categorized as domestic tourists. People who travel from permanent resident to regional places of the same country where the states/regions are politically separated by the country, they are categorized as regional tourist. People who travel to another country crossing the boundary they are categorized as international (foreign) tourists.
The basis of country boundaries for tourism activities is conceptually defined "In-bound tourism" and "Out-bound tourism". International tourists arriving in another country are referred to as in-bound tourists, while departing tourists setting off for another country are out-bound tourists.
Tourism is concerned with providing the following supplies:
• Package tour/travel (holiday and pre-paid tour arrangement)
• Transportation (air craft, train, ship, bus, coach, limo, car, auto, taxi, etc.)
• Accommodation (hotels, lodge, guest house, rest house, etc.)
• Food and beverage (restaurants, bars, cafe, pubs, cafeterials, etc.)
• Recreation and health (clubs, yoga centre, etc.)
• Culture and special events (folk cultural show, festive events, etc.)
• Theme parks and sporting activities (botanical garden, sports centre, etc.)
• Shopping and souvenir (super markets, curio stalls, handicraft shop, etc.)
• Information and assistance (tourist related offices, whole sellers, agencies, etc.)
Nature of Tourism
The nature of tourism is closely connected with travelling. It has been a human phenomenon since the beginning of human civilization. It is a sensitive factor of the human nature in the context of moving to survive, explore, and to know the unknown. In the early times, they stared travelling as normads in search of prey and food. Later, the development of the agricultural system created a base of the movement of people as a traveler. Then the output of industrial revolution made travelling prominent to various destinations. It made the travellers' life style eaiser and safer to realize their tourism activities.
Thus, the modern tourism is absolutely changed due to complete development of over all sectors of tourism components and consciousness of the people. The nature of tourism is described in the following headings:
• Tourism and service
Tourism is a service industry, which is composed of those sectors of the economy that are involved in providing service, such as accommodation, food, beverage, transportation and recreations as well as distribution and sales services. Tourism industry has been taken as the term that denotes work, productivity, employment income, economic growth, social development, etc. But it does not produce any commodity which cannot be touched or taken home. Hence, tourism is a hospitality industry and a bridge between people. It makes a valuable contribution to the world's economy by employing more people than any other industry.
• Tourism is a contributor to the economy
Through tourism, a great deal of income is generated in the economy in the form of domestic or international exchange. A large chunk of workforce gets employed in this industry. It is also a major contributor to the public revenue. The nature too can be conserved owing to tourism. The natural resources of the economy can be tapped and the friendly relation with other countries can result in the benefit of the economy.
• Tourism comprises of various industrial business
Tourism can be defined as the activities of the tourists and those who cater for them. Therefore, it is evident from the above definition that tourists alone are insufficient for the tourism industry. The existence of other components is equally crucial for the proper functioning of this industry. Hence, the co-existence of diverse business organizations makes this industry possible. Therefore, it is also regarded as smokeless industry/seasonal industry/decentralized industry or legitimate industry (an industry of industries).
• Tourism products are highly perishable
The intangible product involved in tourism i.e., service, is very short lived. It is not possible to store like tangible products. Hence, if the service is not rendered within a definite time frame, then the return tends to be zero, or even negative. Such lost revenue can never be recovered.
• Tourism is related with sumptuousness
Tourism is an activity undertaken by the people during leisure for pleasure. Hence, tourism activities are almost non-existent among the low income group people with a low purchasing capacity. It is a luxurious concept primarily associated with the affluent and high class people having higher purchasing power. Therefore, we normally find the people from the rich countries mostly undertaking the tourism activities.
• Tourism products are stationary
In tourism industry the attractions inspire the aspirations of the tourists. The attractions, such as the mountains, lakes, historical monuments, museums, theme and fun parks, gorges, valleys, waterfalls, climate and seasons, flora and fauna, etc. are something which cannot be copied or imitated by any other countries. At the same time they are immobile. A prospective tourists need to approach these beauties and not vice a versa.
• Tourism is an incessant industry
There is no any horizon or end to the tourism activities. Creative minds can always come up with new ideas and creativity. In tourism industry there is non-stop movement of people and the incessant move give rise to more tourism activities.
• Tourism is an inspiration to the motivation of life style
Tourism inspires, the people to exchange the life style, technically and scientifically, as it insists their desires to experience a change and willingness to spend money and time. Tourism inspires the traveler to get the new ideas both positive and negative and aspires to adopt in one's own life.
• Tourism helps in educating the mass
There exists a spontaneous process of learning and exchange of ideas in this industry. The scope of exploration and discovery is very high among adventure tourists. Due to tourism there is exists a respect for each others' religious belief, cultural values, tradition, rites and rituals.
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